Which of the following is a common shielding material for gamma radiation?

The choice of lead as a common shielding material for gamma radiation is based on several key principles regarding the nature of gamma rays and the physical properties of lead. Gamma radiation is highly penetrating due to its electromagnetic nature, which means that it can pass through many materials with relative ease. To effectively shield against gamma radiation, materials must have a high atomic number and density.

Lead is particularly suitable for this purpose because it has a high atomic number, which increases the likelihood of interactions with gamma photons. Its density allows for a substantial mass of material in a relatively small volume, providing effective attenuation of radiation, which is essential for reducing exposure to harmful levels. The use of lead is widespread in settings like medical facilities, nuclear power plants, and industrial applications where gamma sources are prevalent, making it a standard option for shielding.

Other materials, such as wood, concrete, and glass, may offer some level of radiation attenuation but are significantly less effective when it comes to gamma rays. Wood and glass have lower densities and atomic numbers, leading to poorer attenuation properties. Concrete can provide some shielding, especially when thick enough, but it falls short compared to lead in terms of efficiency and weight.